I recently read the book “The Fourth Political Theory” by Vladimir Dugin, a Russian philosopher. Dugin gets a bad rap in the western press, sometimes he is claimed to be the mastermind behind Vladimir Putin. After reading the book, I am sure that that is not true. Dugin is far out there, Putin does mostly nitty-gritty realpolitik.
The book first tries to dismantle the three most influential western political ideologies of the twentieth century, of which one is still influential in the twenty-first. These are, not in any particular order, communism, fascism, and neo-liberalism. He gives a Heideggerian critique of all three. Communism is based on class consciousness, and as an ideology, it directs its subjects to identify with class. Fascism is based (usually) on a strong conscious identification with race. Neo-liberalism is based on a strong conscious identification with one’s own individuality. This last one may sound much nicer than the first two, but the problem is not so much with what we are directed to identify with, but the very fact that we are directed to strongly identify. Heidegger, a student of the phenomenologist philosopher Husserl, was the first to critique the idea that we can find our authentic identity by conscious identification.
The saxophonist/philosopher Gilad Atzmon, in his book “The Wandering Who” does a superb job of bringing this idea widely understandable, not just to experts. When we consciously decide to build an identity, we sacrifice authenticity. Conscious identification means trying to access, but more like build, an identity using artifical means. To start with, we will use language, which itself is already an artificial construct, but we will not be able to put aside other artificial biases. As a simple example (indebted to Gilad again), consider a musician, who is trying to be an authentic musician by worrying about appearance, i.e., in which ear should the earring go, are his blue jeans sufficiently torn, or whether his hair style OK.
Dugin’s point is, and I think this is a very strong one, that, even though the three western ideologies direct towards identities of very different types, in the end all three are doomed due to their lack of authenticity. Class, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. exist, and are probably important in some contexts, but it is futile to build political action on them, it only results in identity politics, but this is all the west has to offer. Actually, the parallel between the identity politics of neoliberalism and nazism was also pointed out by Gilad Atzmon: in the end both insist on biological identifications. The former on being a woman, transgender, of a particular sexual orientation, etc., the latter on identifying with one’s race.
To be continued…